˧ÐÕÆðÔ´_°Ù¼ÒÐÕ
˧ÐÕÆðÔ´_°Ù¼ÒÐÕ
·Ö²¼µØÇø
ÄÏÑô¿¤£ºÇØÖã¬ÒÔÔÚÄÏɽ֮ÄÏ£¬ººË®Ö®±±Ò~£ººÒòÖ®£¬ÖÎÍð(¼´½ñºÓÄÏÄÏÑô)¡£
ºÓÄÏ¿¤£ºÇØÎªÈý´¨¿¤£¬ººÖúÓÄÏ¿¤£¬ÖÎÂåÑô(½ñºÓÄÏÂåÑô¶«±±ÈýÊ®Àï)¡£
·¶Ñô¿¤£ºÈý¹úκ¸Ääÿ¤Îª·¶Ñô¿¤£¬Ï൱ÓÚ½ñºÓ±±äÃÏØ¼°±±¾©²ýƽ¡¢·¿É½Ò»´ø¡£
ƽԿ¤£ºÎ÷ººÖã¬Ï൱ÓÚ½ñɽ¶«Î÷±±²¿Æ½ÔÏØÒ»´ø¡£
̫Ը®£ºÒà³ÆÌ«Ô¿¤¡£
ÀúÊ·À´Ô´
˧£¨shu¨¤i£©ÐÕÔ´³ö
1.Ô´ÓÚ¹Ù룬³ö×Ô´ºÇïʱÆÚ½ú¹ú´ó·òʦßÃÖ®ºó£¬ÊôÓڱܻä¸ÄÐÕΪÊÏ¡£2.Ô´ÓÚ¹Ù룬³ö×ÔÎ÷ÖÜʱÆÚ¹ÙÀôʦ˧£¬ÊôÓÚÒÔ¹ÙÖ°³ÆÎ½ÎªÊÏ¡£3.Ô´ÓÚ¼§ÐÕ£¬³ö×Ô½ú³¯Ê±ÆÚ´ó˾ͽʦ•mÖ®ºó£¬ÊôÓڱܻä¸ÄÐÕΪÊÏ¡£4.Ô´ÓÚ¹Ù룬³ö×ÔÄϱ±³¯Ê±ÆÚ¹ÙÀô˧¶¼¶½£¬ÊôÓÚÒÔ¹ÙÖ°³ÆÎ½ÎªÊÏ¡£5.Ô´ÓÚ¹Ù룬³ö×ÔÄÏËγ¯Ê±ÆÚ¹ÙÀô˧˾£¬ÊôÓÚÒÔ¹ÙÖ°³ÆÎ½ÎªÊÏ¡£
µÃÐÕÊ¼×æ
ʦßá¢Ê¦•m¡£
Ǩáã·Ö²¼
˧ÊÏ»òÊÇÒ»¸ö¹ÅÀϵĺº×åÐÕÊÏ£¬µ«ÈË¿Ú×ÜÊýÔÚÖйúµÄ´ó½δÁÐÈë°Ù¼ÒÐÕǰÈý°Ù룬ÔÚ~Ê¡ÔòÃûÁеÚÈý°Ù¾ÅÊ®¶þλ¡£Ë§ÐÕ³ö×ÔÎ÷½ú£¬µ±Ê±½ú¹ú¶¨¶¼ÂåÑô£¬ºóǨ³¤°²£¬Òò´ËɽÎ÷ÂåÑô¡¢³¤°²Ò»´ø¼´ÎªË§ÐÕ·¢Ô´Ö®µØ£¬Ò²ÊÇÔçÆÚ·±ÑÜ·¢Õ¹Ö®µØ£¬Äϱ±³¯ÖÁÌÆËÎÆÚ¼ä£¬Öð½¥ÏòÖܱߵØÇø¼°½ÄÏÒ»´øÀ©Õ¹£¬ÔÚºÓÄÏ¡¢ºÓ±±¡¢É½¶«µÈµØÐγɿ¤ÐÕÍû×壬ÒÔÄÏÑô¿¤¡¢·¶Ñô¿¤¡¢Æ½Ô¿¤Îª¿¤Íû¡£Èç½ñÖ÷Òª·Ö²¼ÓÚºþÄÏ¡¢ºþ±±¡¢ËÄ´¨¡¢½Î÷¡¢°²»ÕµÈµØ¡£Ä¿Ç°Ë§ÐÕÈË¿ÚûÓнøÈëÈ«¹úǰÈý°Ùλ¡£
½ñ½ËÕÊ¡µÄÄÏͨÊС¢½¶¼ÊС¢Ì©ÖÝÊС¢»´°²ÊУ¬ÖØÇìÊеĺϴ¨ÏØ£¬ºþ±±Ê¡µÄÊ®ÑßÊС¢¿ª½ÏØ¡¢ÌìÃÅÊС¢ºì°²ÏØ¡¢Ò˲ýÊС¢Ð¢¸ÐÏØ¡¢¹È³ÇÏØ¡¢ä»Ë®ÏØ¡¢´óÎòÏØ¡¢»ÆÃ·ÏØ¡¢Ïå·®ÊУ¬½Î÷Ê¡µÄÄϲýÊÐн¨ÏØ¡¢¾Å½ÊС¢·îÐÂÏØ¡¢¼ª°²ÊС¢¸§ÖÝÊÐÁÙ´¨ÏØ¡¢½øÏÍÏØ¡¢Í¹ÄÏØ£¬ºÓ±±Ê¡µÄ±£¶¨ÊС¢Îİ²ÏØ£¬É½¶«Ê¡µÄΫ·»ÊС¢ÈÕÕÕÊС¢Î«·»Êа²ÇðÊУ¬ºþÄÏÊ¡µÄ³£µÂÊкºÊÙÏØ¡¢ÒæÑôÊС¢Ð»ÎÏØ£¬¹ã¶«Ê¡µÄ·ðɽÊÐÄϺ£Çø£¬¹óÖÝÊ¡µÄ°²Ë³ÊУ¬É½Î÷Ê¡µÄÔÆ½ÊУ¬É½Î÷Ê¡µÄË·ÖÝÊÐÓ¦ÏØ´óÁٺӴ壬ÉÂÎ÷Ê¡µÄÎ÷°²ÊÐÑîÁèÇø¡¢ÉÌÂåÊе¤·çÏØ£¬ËÄ´¨ÀÖɽÊС¢Î÷³äÏØ¡¢êùÎªÏØ¡¢Ò˱öÊÐçîÏØ¡¢¶¼½ÑßÊУ¬ÁÉÄþÊ¡µÄÎ÷·áÏØ£¬¸£½¨Ê¡µÄ½¨ÄþÏØ£¬Õã½Ê¡µÄº¼ÖÝÊУ¬ÔÆÄÏÊ¡µÄÇú¾¸ÊС¢ÑνòÏØµÈµØ£¬¾ùÓÐ˧ÊÏ×åÈË·Ö²¼¡£
ÌúÅ
ƽÔÌãºÒÔÍûÁ¢Ìá£
ÁéʯÌãºÒÔÍûÁ¢Ìá£
ÊÚÇÙÌãºÊÚÇÙÊÇÖ¸½Ìµ¯ÇÙ£¬´ºÇïʱÆÚ£¬Â³¹úÀÖʦʦÏåÉÆµ¯ÇÙ£¬¿××ÓÔø°ÝËûΪʦѧÇÙ¡£
¼Ò×åÃûÈË
˧ÎÒ£º(1648-1725)£¬ÇåѧÕß¡£×Ö±¸½Ô£¬ºÅ¼òÕ«£¬½Î÷·îÐÂÈË¡£Èõ¹ÚÑÍͨȺ¼®£¬¹¤Ê黣¬ÓÈÃ÷Ò½Àí¡£¿µÎõÎåÊ®Äê¾ÙÈË£¬¹ÙÄÚ¸óÖÐÊé¡£ÉÃÊ«ÎÄ£¬ÑѽÎ÷¾~¨¡£ÖøÓС¶Ä«À½Í¤¼¯¡·£¬²»·Ö¾í£¬·²ÎÄÒ»°ÙËÄʮƪ¡£ÁíÓС¶¼òÕ«Ê«Îĸ塷¡£
˧ÈÔ׿£ºÇåÎÄѧ¼Ò¡£×Ö×ÚµÀ£¬ºÅ½éͤɽÈË£¬½Î÷·îÐÂÈË¡£Ë§ÎÒ³¤×Ó¡£¾«áª»ÆÊõ¡£ÖøÓС¶ÊÈÍËɽ·¿Ê«¸å¡·¶þ¾í¡¢¡¶Îĸ塷Èý¾í¡£
˧·½Îµ£º(1790-1872)£¬ÇåѧÕß¡£×ÖÊåÆð£¬ÓÖ×Ö×ÓÎÄ£¬ºÅʯ´å£¬Äϲý·îÐÂ(½ñÊô½Î÷)ÈË¡£Ö÷ÒªÓС¶åëÎÅÐùÊ«¸å¡·¡¢¡¶åëÎÅÐùËæ±Ê¡·¡¢¡¶×Ïö©Ðù¹Ý¿Î¡·¡¢¡¶Ë§Ì«Êظ塷¡¢¡¶´ÊÔ«Èռǡ·¡¢¡¶×󺣽»Óμ¡·µÈ£¬¾ùÊÕÈ롶˧ÊÏÇå·Ò¼¯¡·¡£
¡£



